New York City is undertaking a significant overhaul of its correctional system, transitioning from the aging Rikers Island complex to a distributed network of four new, purpose-built detention centers across its boroughs. This extensive program, driven by the NYC Department of Design and Construction, involves leading architecture firms in creating facilities that aim to prioritize rehabilitation, well-being, and community integration, departing from traditional carceral models.
New York City's Correctional Redesign: A Detailed Overview
New York City has launched an ambitious initiative to replace its current correctional system centered on Rikers Island with four state-of-the-art facilities across Queens, Brooklyn, Manhattan, and the Bronx. This multi-year undertaking, known as the NYC Borough-Based Jail Program (BBJ), was initiated in 2017 and is predominantly managed by the New York City Department of Design and Construction (DDC). The DDC collaborates with various architectural studios, including HOK, Cetra Ruddy, and Michael Graves, to bring these modern detention centers to fruition.
Construction has commenced on all four sites, most recently with the groundbreaking of the Manhattan facility. The Brooklyn jail is the furthest along, expected to open its doors by 2029, while the remaining three are projected for completion in the early 2030s. This development runs parallel to the city's active efforts to decommission the Rikers Island jail complex.
The field of justice design is frequently debated within architectural circles. While some professionals advocate against involvement in the design of detention facilities, others argue that thoughtful architectural design can significantly improve conditions for incarcerated individuals. HOK, a firm with a dedicated justice design division and responsible for two of the four BBJ jails, embraces this challenge. Ken Drucker, HOK New York's design principal, emphasized their firm's commitment to addressing pressing social issues through their architectural practice.
The DDC has outlined a comprehensive set of design objectives for the program. These include integrating mental health support for individuals in custody, ensuring secure environments for staff, visitors, and inmates, and developing "good civic architecture" that harmoniously blends with its surrounding neighborhoods. Interior designs reveal cells equipped with horizontally barred windows, individual beds, desks, stools, and toilets. For the Manhattan project, HOK is pioneering circadian-rhythm lighting, synchronized with natural outdoor light, to replace the harsh overhead lighting typical of older facilities. Some cells will even feature controllable reading lights for inmates.
Jeff Goodale, HOK's director of civic + justice, highlighted that this design philosophy aims to foster an environment where individuals can thrive, rather than constantly feeling on the defensive.
Efforts are also underway to create welcoming interior visitation areas. The projects underscore a strong commitment to providing dignified spaces for all occupants – incarcerated individuals, visitors, and staff. Interior renderings showcase open waiting rooms furnished with warm materials and designed for clear, direct circulation. Visitation areas, both contact and non-contact, along with children's play zones featuring vibrant carpeting and bookshelves, are integral parts of these new designs.
Despite these progressive design goals, the projects have encountered opposition from local communities, with numerous rallies and protests occurring as construction progresses. Some facilities, like the Queens site, are still undergoing design modifications. New York City mayor Zohran Mamdani recently acknowledged Rikers Island as a profound failure of city governance, stating the city is replacing a system of neglect with one focused on rehabilitation.
Manhattan Detention Facility, Chinatown (by HOK)
Situated at 125 White Street in Chinatown, the Manhattan Detention Facility is poised to become the world's tallest jail upon completion. Its design incorporates four distinct vertical quadrants and features a prominent 55-foot-tall pedestrian passageway beneath the building. This passageway is intended to integrate the facility with the vibrant surrounding areas, including Chinatown, Little Italy, Tribeca, and the civic district. Replacing an older detention center, the project has generated considerable community feedback, with local leaders recently urging Mayor Mamdani to re-evaluate the site's suitability. Site preparation is currently in progress.
Brooklyn Borough-Based Jail, Boerum Hill (by HOK)
Located at 275 Atlantic Avenue on the former site of a jail, the Brooklyn Borough-Based Jail is the closest to completion and stands tall amidst the lower-rise neighborhoods to its south. HOK's design prioritized maximizing natural daylight penetration throughout the building. Each cell will have direct access to an outdoor space enclosed by expanded metal security mesh. Goodale noted that this direct access ensures daily outdoor time for inmates, a significant improvement over facilities requiring escorted trips to central outdoor areas. The building's exterior features fixed fins to manage daylight and terracotta cladding, echoing the materials found in the local neighborhood.
Bronx Borough-Based Jail Facility, Mott Haven (by CetraRuddy, Lumen Architects, and Urbahn Architects)
The 11-story Bronx Borough-Based Jail Facility occupies the former site of a hospital and a New York City Police impound lot. This facility will include 40,000 square feet of ground-floor community and commercial space, dedicated areas for on-site services, indoor and outdoor recreation, food services, and staff offices. It will also feature spaces specifically designed for children and nursing mothers. During a community meeting in March 2026, Urbahn Architects' associate principal Larry Gutterman explained how the building's three-story podium aligns with the height of nearby residential rowhouses, while the mesh-clad tower respects the scale of surrounding industrial structures. Addressing community concerns about the building's scale, the design incorporates stepped volumes to mitigate its visual impact.
Queens Borough-Based Jail Facility, Kew Gardens (by STV and Michael Graves)
The Queens Borough-Based Jail Facility is located at 126-02 82nd Avenue, sharing the site with the existing Queens Detention Center and a large parking lot. This facility is unique among the BBJ projects in that it will accommodate women and "gender expansive" inmates, with designs featuring a nursery and a women's law library. The site comprises three distinct housing towers, characterized by metal mesh around recreation areas, precast concrete at the base, and metal panels and glass curtain walls on upper floors. A smaller parking garage building with community space, completed in June 2023, is also part of this complex. Recent design meetings have focused on updates, such as replacing natural wood cladding with more durable materials and enhancing ADA accessibility.
This ambitious correctional system overhaul in New York City represents a significant paradigm shift, moving towards more humane and rehabilitative environments. The emphasis on natural light, mental health provisions, and dignified spaces for all occupants reflects a modern approach to justice. However, the projects also highlight ongoing tensions between urban development, community concerns, and the complex societal role of incarceration. The success of these facilities will ultimately be measured not just by their architectural innovation, but by their ability to genuinely foster rehabilitation and reintegrate individuals into society, offering a beacon of hope for a more just future.